Earning an instrument and a type rating today still demands the applicant successfully fly a circling approach. Despite the FAA’s recent Advisory Circular (AC) 120-123 calling for an increased focus ...

Approach minimums and limitations, such as circling-only restrictions or night not-authorized notes, are often dictated by subtle factors like runway markings or visual area obstacle penetrations, ...

Operating below instrument approach minimums legally and safely requires strict adherence to §91.175(c), which mandates specific flight visibility, distinct identification of the runway environment, ...

Example circling maneuver at Boire Field, New Hampshire. Author graphic In Part 1, we discussed the classic simulator circling check and the “Part 142” excuse. You might think the odds are stacked ...